References

The primary literature behind the statements on this site — surfaced from the Deep and Narrow Crohn's-surgery literature RAGs, verified against PubMed, and confirmed by the author. Superscript numbers in the text link here.

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37. van der Does de Willebois EML, et al. Effect of mesenteric sparing or extended resection in primary ileocolic resection for Crohn's disease on postoperative endoscopic recurrence (SPICY): an international, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;9:793-801. PMID 39025100
38. Coffey CJ, et al. Inclusion of the Mesentery in Ileocolic Resection for Crohn's Disease is Associated With Reduced Surgical Recurrence. J Crohns Colitis. 2018;12:1139-1150. PMID 29309546
39. Holubar SD, et al. Safety & feasibility of targeted mesenteric approaches with Kono-S anastomosis and extended mesenteric excision in ileocolic resection and anastomosis in Crohn's disease. Am J Surg. 2024;230:16-20. PMID 37914660
40. Holubar SD, et al. Mesenteric Excision and Exclusion for Ileocolic Crohn's Disease: Feasibility and Safety of an Innovative, Combined Surgical Approach With Extended Mesenteric Excision and Kono-S Anastomosis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2022;65:e5-e13. PMID 34882636
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50. Prien C, Holubar SD. Intersphincteric Proctectomy for Fistulizing Perianal Crohn's Disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 2026. PMID 41919603
51. Holubar SD, Tozer P. 10 Strategies for prevention of perineal wound dehiscence after intersphincteric proctectomy for perianal Crohn's disease. Tech Coloproctol. 2026. PMID 42184029
52. Régimbeau JM, et al. Long-term results of faecal diversion for refractory perianal Crohn's disease. Colorectal Dis. 2001;3:232-7. PMID 12790965
53. Jew M, et al. Temporary Faecal Diversion for Refractory Perianal and/or Distal Colonic Crohn's Disease in the Biologic Era: An Updated Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. J Crohns Colitis. 2024;18:375-391. PMID 37707480
54. de Groof EJ, et al. Treatment of perianal fistula in Crohn's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing seton drainage and anti-tumour necrosis factor treatment. Colorectal Dis. 2016;18:667-75. PMID 26921847
55. Haennig A, et al. The results of seton drainage combined with anti-TNFα therapy for anal fistula in Crohn's disease. Colorectal Dis. 2015;17:311-9. PMID 25425534
56. Wasmann KA, et al. Treatment of Perianal Fistulas in Crohn's Disease, Seton Versus Anti-TNF Versus Surgical Closure Following Anti-TNF [PISA]: A Randomised Controlled Trial. J Crohns Colitis. 2020;14:1049-1056. PMID 31919501
57. Topstad DR, et al. Combined seton placement, infliximab infusion, and maintenance immunosuppressives improve healing rate in fistulizing anorectal Crohn's disease: a single center experience. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003;46:577-83. PMID 12792431
58. Hanna LN, … Holubar SD, et al. Perianal Fistulizing Crohn's Disease: Utilizing the TOpClass Classification in Clinical Practice to Provide Targeted Individualized Care. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;23:914-926. PMID 39134293
59. Wanchaitanawong W, et al. Clinical characteristics of isolated perianal Crohn's disease and validation of the TOpClass criteria: a retrospective cohort pilot study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2026;32:1289-1297. PMID 41719164
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61. Panés J, et al. Expanded allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Cx601) for complex perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease: a phase 3 randomised, double-blind controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;388:1281-90. PMID 27477896
62. Panés J, et al. INSPECT: A Retrospective Study to Evaluate Long-term Effectiveness and Safety of Darvadstrocel in Patients With Perianal Fistulizing Crohn's Disease Treated in the ADMIRE-CD Trial. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2022;28:1737-1745. PMID 35099555
63. Garcia-Olmo D, et al. Follow-up Study to Evaluate the Long-term Safety and Efficacy of Darvadstrocel (Mesenchymal Stem Cell Treatment) in Patients With Perianal Fistulizing Crohn's Disease: ADMIRE-CD Phase 3 Randomized Controlled Trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 2022;65:713-720. PMID 34890373
64. Taxonera C, et al. Darvadstrocel for complex perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. United European Gastroenterol J. 2025;13:416-426. PMID 39360706
65. Rutgeerts P, et al. Predictability of the postoperative course of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 1990;99:956-63. PMID 2394349
66. Rutgeerts P, et al. Natural history of recurrent Crohn's disease at the ileocolonic anastomosis after curative surgery. Gut. 1984;25:665-72. PMID 6735250
67. Hammoudi N, et al. Postoperative Endoscopic Recurrence on the Neoterminal Ileum But Not on the Anastomosis Is Mainly Driving Long-Term Outcomes in Crohn's Disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020;115:1084-1093. PMID 32618659
68. Bolckmans R, et al. Does Smoking Cessation Reduce Surgical Recurrence After Primary Ileocolic Resection for Crohn's Disease?. Dis Colon Rectum. 2020;63:200-206. PMID 31842162
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70. Valibouze C, Desreumaux P, Zerbib P. Post-surgical recurrence of Crohn's disease: Situational analysis and future prospects. J Visc Surg. 2021;158:401-410. PMID 33858790
71. De Cruz P, et al. Crohn's disease management after intestinal resection: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2015;385:1406-17. PMID 25542620
72. Buisson A, et al. Top-down Versus Step-up Strategies to Prevent Postoperative Recurrence in Crohn's Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2023;29:185-194. PMID 35389489
73. Kotze PG, et al. Conventional Versus Biological Therapy for Prevention of Postoperative Endoscopic Recurrence in Patients With Crohn's Disease: an International, Multicenter, and Observational Study. Intest Res. 2015;13:259-65. PMID 26131001
74. Kassim G, Holubar SD, Cohen BL. Key updates in Crohn's disease surgery for the gastroenterologist in 2025. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2025;41:208-215. PMID 40402838
75. Agrawal H, Gupta N. Surgical interventions in inflammatory bowel disease: Indications, techniques, outcomes, and future directions. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 2026;17:118778. PMID 42273245
76. Maartense S, et al. Laparoscopic-assisted versus open ileocolic resection for Crohn's disease: a randomized trial. Ann Surg. 2006;243:143-9; discussion 150-3. PMID 16432345
77. Flaifel M, et al. The outcomes of robotic ileocolic resection in Crohn's disease compared with laparoscopic and open surgery: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Tech Coloproctol. 2025;29:88. PMID 40138014
78. Hota S, et al. Robotic and laparoscopic surgical techniques in patients with Crohn's disease. Surg Endosc. 2021;35:4602-4608. PMID 32789588
79. Yang LC, et al. Surgical management of duodenal Crohn's disease. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2023;15:1159-1168. PMID 37405094
80. Shapiro M, et al. Surgical management and outcomes of patients with duodenal Crohn's disease. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;207:36-42. PMID 18589359
81. Thompson JS, et al. Short bowel syndrome and Crohn's disease. J Gastrointest Surg. 2003;7:1069-72. PMID 14675717
82. Dietz DW, et al. Strictureplasty in diffuse Crohn's jejunoileitis: safe and durable. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:764-70. PMID 12072628
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84. Olecki EJ, et al. High-Grade Dysplasia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Indication for Colectomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2023;66:262-268. PMID 35714339
85. Kiran RP, et al. Dysplasia associated with Crohn's colitis: segmental colectomy or more extended resection?. Ann Surg. 2012;256:221-6. PMID 22791098
86. Pacilli M, et al. Surgery in children with Crohn disease refractory to medical therapy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2011;52:286-90. PMID 20975579
87. Baldassano RN, et al. Pediatric Crohn's disease: risk factors for postoperative recurrence. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:2169-76. PMID 11467649
88. Singh A, et al. Management of Perianal Fistulizing Crohn's Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2024;30:1579-1603. PMID 37672347
89. Hyder SA, et al. Fistulating anal Crohn's disease: results of combined surgical and infliximab treatment. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;49:1837-41. PMID 17041753
90. Ribaldone DG, et al. The role of topical therapy for perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease: are we forgetting something?. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2019;65:130-135. PMID 30759975
91. Makowiec F, Jehle EC, Starlinger M. Clinical course of perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease. Gut. 1995;37:696-701. PMID 8549948
92. Eldesouki MH, et al. Comparison of Ustekinumab and Vedolizumab Effectiveness in Perianal Crohn's Disease: A Retrospective Propensity Matched Cohort Study. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2026. PMID 42213056
93. Casanova MJ, et al. Persistence, effectiveness and safety of ustekinumab and vedolizumab therapy for complex perianal fistula in Crohn's disease: The HEAL study from GETECCU. Dig Liver Dis. 2024;56:1845-1853. PMID 38839456
94. Hanna LN, et al. Isolated perianal Crohn's disease: a systematic review and expert consensus proposing novel diagnostic criteria and management advice. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;10:757-768. PMID 40315877
95. Shwaartz C, et al. Fistula-Associated Anorectal Cancer in the Setting of Crohn's Disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 2016;59:1168-1173. PMID 27824702
96. Palmieri C, et al. Perianal Fistula-Associated Carcinoma in Crohn's Disease: A Multicentre Retrospective Case Control Study. J Crohns Colitis. 2021;15:1686-1693. PMID 33772272
97. Aguas M, et al. Adalimumab in prevention of postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease in high-risk patients. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18:4391-8. PMID 22969204
98. Armuzzi A, et al. Prevention of postoperative recurrence with azathioprine or infliximab in patients with Crohn's disease: an open-label pilot study. J Crohns Colitis. 2013;7:e623-9. PMID 23810678
99. Sorrentino D, et al. Prevention of postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease by infliximab. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;18:457-9. PMID 16538123
100. Sokol H, et al. Plexitis as a predictive factor of early postoperative clinical recurrence in Crohn's disease. Gut. 2009;58:1218-25. PMID 19625280
101. Decousus S, et al. Myenteric plexitis is a risk factor for endoscopic and clinical postoperative recurrence after ileocolonic resection in Crohn's disease. Dig Liver Dis. 2016;48:753-8. PMID 27005857
102. Misteli H, et al. Myenteric plexitis at the proximal resection margin is a predictive marker for surgical recurrence of ileocaecal Crohn's disease. Colorectal Dis. 2015;17:304-10. PMID 25581299
103. Herranz Bachiller MT, et al. The utility of faecal calprotectin to predict post-operative recurrence in Crohńs disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2016;51:720-6. PMID 26758472
104. Veyre F, et al. Low Levels of Fecal Calprotectin 3 Months After Surgery Predict Subsequent Endoscopic Postoperative Remission in Crohn's Disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2021;66:4429-4435. PMID 33387123
105. Bachour SP, … Holubar SD, et al. Intra-abdominal septic complications after ileocolic resection increases risk for endoscopic and surgical postoperative Crohn's disease recurrence. J Crohns Colitis. 2022;16:1696-1705. PMID 35705188
106. Morar PS, et al. Determining Predictors for Intra-abdominal Septic Complications Following Ileocolonic Resection for Crohn's Disease-Considerations in Pre-operative and Peri-operative Optimisation Techniques to Improve Outcome. J Crohns Colitis. 2015;9:483-91. PMID 25796553
107. Shah RS, … Holubar SD, et al. Real-World Surgical and Endoscopic Recurrence Based on Risk Profiles and Prophylaxis Utilization in Postoperative Crohn's Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;22:847-857.e12. PMID 37879523
108. Bak MTJ, et al. Prognostic Value of the Modified Rutgeerts Score for Long-Term Outcomes After Primary Ileocecal Resection in Crohn's Disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2024;119:306-312. PMID 37737675
109. Vermeire S, et al. Long-term Efficacy of Vedolizumab for Crohn's Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017;11:412-424. PMID 27683798
110. Feagan BG, et al. Ustekinumab as Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Crohn's Disease. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1946-1960. PMID 27959607
111. D'Haens G, et al. Risankizumab as induction therapy for Crohn's disease: results from the phase 3 ADVANCE and MOTIVATE induction trials. Lancet. 2022;399:2015-2030. PMID 35644154
112. Loftus EV Jr, et al. Upadacitinib Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Crohn's Disease. N Engl J Med. 2023;388:1966-1980. PMID 37224198
113. Adamina M, et al. ECCO Guidelines on Therapeutics in Crohn's Disease: Surgical Treatment. J Crohns Colitis. 2020;14:155-168. PMID 31742338
114. Li G, et al. Preoperative exclusive enteral nutrition reduces the postoperative septic complications of fistulizing Crohn's disease. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014;68:441-6. PMID 24549026
115. Lightner AL, et al. Biologics and 30-Day Postoperative Complications After Abdominal Operations for Crohn's Disease: Are There Differences in the Safety Profiles?. Dis Colon Rectum. 2019;62:1352-1362. PMID 31567927
116. Molenaar CJL, et al. Effect of Multimodal Prehabilitation on Reducing Postoperative Complications and Enhancing Functional Capacity Following Colorectal Cancer Surgery: The PREHAB Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Surg. 2023;158:572-581. PMID 36988937
117. Sands BE, et al. Infliximab maintenance therapy for fistulizing Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:876-85. PMID 14985485
118. Sandborn WJ, et al. Ozanimod as Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:1280-1291. PMID 34587385
119. Mañosa M, et al. Ustekinumab and vedolizumab for the prevention of postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease: Results from the ENEIDA registry. Dig Liver Dis. 2023;55:46-52. PMID 35948459
120. Marteau P, et al. Interobserver Variation Study of the Rutgeerts Score to Assess Endoscopic Recurrence after Surgery for Crohn's Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2016;10:1001-5. PMID 27068432
121. Ma C, et al. Reliability of Endoscopic Evaluation of Postoperative Recurrent Crohn's Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18:2139-2141.e2. PMID 31473359
122. Nyabanga C, et al. Management of Crohn's Disease in the New Era of Gut Rehabilitation and Intestinal Transplantation. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016;22:1763-76. PMID 27104827
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